Online References

• Da Vinci code for trees provides wind protection - Leonardo Da Vinci proposed that at any height above the ground, the total cross sectional area of the branches is approximately equivalent to the area of the trunk. Plant physiologists have argued that this pattern evolved to supported the transport of water and nutrients through the plant. Recent analysis indicates that the structure of trees may actually be a response to wind instead. Eloy, C. 2011. Leonardo's rule, self-similarity and wind-induced stresses in trees. Physical Review Letters, 107, 258101.
• Schindler, D., R. Vogt, H. Fugmann, M. Rodriguez, J. Schönborn, and H. Mayer. 2010. Vibration behavior of plantation-grown Scots pine trees in response to wind excitation. Agricultural & Forest Meteorology 150, no. 7/8: 984-993.
• Lortie, C.J., and J.H. Cushman. 2007. Effects of a directional abiotic gradient on plant community dynamics and invasion in a coastal dune system. Journal Of Ecology 95, no. 3: 468-481.
• Brassard, Brian W., and Han Y. H. Chen. 2006. Stand Structural Dynamics of North American Boreal Forests. Critical Reviews In Plant Sciences 25, no. 2: 115-137.
• Slik, J. W. F., S. Aiba, F. Q. Brearley, C.H. Cannon, O. Forshed, K. Kitayama, and J. L. C. H. van Valkenburg, et al. 2010. Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo's tropical forests.
• Scarano, F. R. 2002. Structure, function and floristic relationships of plant communities in stressful habitats marginal to the Brazilian rainforets. Annals of Botany, 90: 517-524.
• Laurence, W. F. et al. 2006. Rapid decay of tree-community composition in Amazonian forest fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(50): 19010-10014.
• Ross, M.S., J.J. O'Brien, and L.J. Flynn. 1992. Ecological site classification of Florida Keys terrestrial habitats. Biotropica, 24(4): 488-502.
• Daehler, C.C. 2005. Upper-montane plant invasions in the Hawaiian Islands: Patterns and opportunities. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 7:203–216.
• Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology, 35 (1/2): 1-22.